Ozone Therapy
Ozone, an allotropic form of oxygen possesses unique properties which are being defined and applied to biological systems as well as to clinical practice. As a molecule containing a large excess of energy, ozone, through incompletely understood mechanisms, manifests bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal actions which may make it a treatment of choice in certain conditions and an adjunctive treatment in others.
Chapters:
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Physico-Chemical and Biochemical Properties
Method of Manufacture and Precautions
Methods of Administration, Dosage, and Clinical Applications
External Ozone Gas Application
Ozone Insufflation
Major Autohemotherapy (AHT)
Miscellaneous Applications
Minor Autohemotherapy
Intramuscular Injection
Ozonated Water
Balneotherapy
Blood Purification
Metabolic and Physiological Effects of Ozone
Mechanisms of Bactericidal, Virucidal and Fungicidal Action
Ozone Treatment in Cancer
Summary and Future Directions
Introduction
Ozone, best known for its protective role in the earth's ecological harmony, and for its interaction at ground level with industrial pollutants, has unique biological properties which are being investigated for applications in various medical fields.
As early as the First World War, ozone's bactericidal properties were used to treat infected wounds, mustard gas burns and fistulas. These first treatment attempts, however, were hampered by technological difficulties. Medical ozone generators have since been developed and refined. They differ from industrial generators in their capacity to deliver the purest ozone-oxygen mixtures in precise dosages. A critical advance in medical ozone technology was the development, in the early 60's, of plastics which can adequately conduit this mixture and permit proper interfacing with patients. In the last few years ozone treatment has seen growing interest from diverse medical disciplines, and research is in progress to delineate its effects on biological systems and to define its clinical applications.
The history of ozone's discovery is intrinsically entwined in the evolution of the earliest concepts in chemistry. Priestly and Cavendish noted that electrical sparks fired in a closed volume of air resulted in volume compression.[1, 2] In 1785, Martinus Van Marum, subjecting oxygen to electrical discharges, noted "the odor of electrical matter" and the accelerated oxidation of mercury. In 1840, Schonbein repeated these experiments, concluded that this odor was due to a gas which he named ozone, from the Greek ozein (odorant), and described several of its properties.[3] Numerous researchers since that time have worked to elucidate the nature and actions of ozone. Still today, theoretical issues remain regarding its electron structure, the varieties of its molecular configurations and its kinetics. Mariniak and Delarive showed that it is an allotropic form of oxygen, and Mulliken and Dewar clarified its molecular architecture.[4]
In the latter part of the 19th century, ozone was found to oxidize a spectrum of organic compounds and to interact with double bonds. Chemists made use of these properties to study complex molecules by cleaving them into smaller fragments. Harries, by such methods, discovered the structure of natural rubber.[4]
The ability of ozone to destroy toxic or noxious industrial impurities (phenols, cyanides, tetraethyl lead among others) and to inactivate bacterial contaminants in sewage has made it an attractive alternative to chlorination. Wiesbaden, Germany became the first city to use ozonation for purification of its drinking water (1901), followed by Zurich, Florence, Brussels, Marseille, Singapore and Moscow (the largest installation in the world), among others. The history of ozone's medical applications has nebulous and anecdotal beginnings. Kleinmann is said to have carried out the first bacteriological studies on pathogenic organisms using the Siemens tube, shortly after its invention.[5] Payr,[6] and Fisch and Wolff[7] were clinician pioneers, and J. Hansler developed one of the first reliable models of medical ozone generators.[5, 8]
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Physico-Chemical and Biochemical Properties
The oxygen atom exists in nature in several forms: (1) as a free atomic particle (O), it is highly reactive and unstable; (2) oxygen (O2) its most common and stable form, is colorless as a gas and pale blue as a liquid; (3) ozone (O3), has a molecular weight of 48, a density one and a half times that of oxygen and contains a large excess of energy in its molecule (P3--) 3/2 O2 + 143 KJ/mole. It has a bond angle of 127 [3], which resonates among several forms, is distinctly blue as a gas and dark blue as a solid; (4) O4 is a very unstable, rare, nonmagnetic pale blue gas which readily breaks down into two molecules of oxygen.
Ozone is a powerful oxidant, surpassed in this regard only by fluorine. Shonbein,3 in 1855, discovered that it reacts with ethelene. Exposing ozone to organic molecules containing double or triple bonds yields many complex and as yet incompletely configurated ephemeral transitional compounds (zwitterions, molozonides, cyclic ozonides), which may be hydrolyzed, oxidized, reduced or thermally decomposed to a variety of substances, chiefly aldehydes, ketones, acids or alcohols. Ozone reacts with saturated hydrocarbons, amines, sulfhydryl groups and aromatic compounds.
Of importance to biological systems is ozone's interaction with tissue (especially blood) constituents. The most studied is lipid peroxidation although interactions have yet to be more fully investigated with complex carbohydrates, protein, glycoproteins and sphingolipids. These dynamics are especially relevant for medical applications because some of the most practiced methods in ozone therapy involve the mixing of a small volume of whole blood with a pure oxygen ozone mixture and subsequently returning it to the patient. In this manner, it is calculated that the dose of ozone administered will perform its therapeutic functions without disrupting blood constituents.
Since there are a variety of lipid components in whole blood, it is of more than theoretical interest to determine the end products of ozone per oxidation and their effects, not only on physiological systems but on the integrity of ambient patholgenic organisms, since one of the mechanisms of viral inactivation is thought to be through this modality. Cholesterol accounts for 120 to 220 mg/100 ml, of which 60% to 75% are cholesterol esters; phospholipids 9 to 16 mg/100 ml; triglycerides 40 to 150 mg/100 ml, and free fatty acids 6 to 16 mg/100 ml. Given a total lipid concentration of 450 to 1000 mg/100 ml and the large variety of lipid constituents, the possible end products of ozonation are bountiful.[9, 10]
This question is further complicated by the presence of systems to buffer lipid peroxidation, including vitamin E, uric acid,[11] and enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the glutathione peroxidase system which has gathered the most experimental attention.[12]
>Several agents derived from lipid peroxidation include free radical, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxide, ozonides, carbonyls, alkanes and alkenes. Of these, lipid hydroperoxides, the most extensively studied, are known in sufficient concentrations to manifest their toxicity by altering cell membranes. Acted upon by glutathione peroxidase, they are reduced to their corresponding alcohols.
Method of Manufacture and Precautions
The production of ozone-oxygen mixtures for human and veterinary applications is subject to important technical consideration and standards. Clinical ozone generators which regulate the flow of medical grade oxygen through high voltage tubes with outputs ranging from 4000 V to 14000 V are capable of producing precise ozone-oxygen mixtures within concentration ranges extending to 5%, predicated on three variables: (1) the voltage applied; (2) the oxygen flow rate; and (3) the electrode separation distance. The purity of the oxygen source is especially emphasized since nitrogen, in the presence of high energy fields, forms toxic nitric oxides.
Since the half life of ozone is 45 minutes at 20C (68F), losing its concentration to 16% of its initial value in two hours, it must be freshly generated for immediate use at the treatment site. The maximum dose generated, 5% ozone to 95% oxygen, is well below the explosive limit (15 to 20%). Caution is needed not to appose ether and an ozone, an especially reactive mixture.
Listed contraindications to ozone treatment[5] include acute alcohol intoxication, recent myocardial infarction, hemorrhage from any organ, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, thrombocytopenia and ozone allergy.
Methods of Administration, Dosage, and Clinical Applications External Ozone Gas Application
Historically, ozone was first administered by application to external body surfaces to determine its effects on a variety of lesions, A. Wolff,[13] in 1915, is credited for using local ozone treatments for wounds, fistulas, decubitus ulcers and osteomyelitis. Like natural rubber which cracks and fritters when exposed to oxygen-ozone mixtures, early materials caused ozone to "bag" around skin surfaces and met with early oxidation disuse. Today, specially designed plastics (Teflon) enable extremities or portions of the head or torso to be comfortably encased in a space where a determined dosage ratio of oxygen to ozone is administered at a chosen flow rate. In this way, the walls of the transparent bags do not touch the patient, an important consideration in burn treatment.
Indication for external ozone application include poorly healing wounds, burns,[14] staphylococcal infections, fungal and radiation lesions, herpes simplex and zoster, and gangrene (diabetic or Clostridium). Dosage is adjusted to the condition treated. Gas perfusions may last from 3 to 20 minutes, ozone concentrations varying from 10 to 80 ug/ml (maximum five parts of ozone to 95 parts of oxygen). High ozone concentrations are used for disinfection and cleaning (or debridement), while low concentrations promote epithelialization and healing.[6, 15]
Ozone Insufflation
Payr in 1935[6] and Aubourg in 1936[16] first used ozone-oxygen mixtures in rectal insufflation to treat ulcerative colitis and fistulae. The list of indications has expanded to include proctitis and hemorrhoids. It is reported that in inflammatory diseases of the bowel, ozone promotes healing and restores the flora balance disturbed by pathogenic organisms. In a typical treatment for ulcerative colitis, daily insufflations are applied starting with 50 ml in severe cases, increasing as tolerated in increments (till 500 ml), high concentrations administered initially (75 ug/ml) to achieve hemostasis, followed by low concentrations to promote resolution.[5] This technique may have some promise in the treatment of bowel infections associated with AIDS.
Microsporidia, a tiny, rarely detected parasite may be responsible for many cases of AIDS wasting illness,[17] and studies await determination of its susceptibility to ozone treatment.
Major Autohemotherapy (AHT)
Whereas it can be readily understood that external ozone applications produce local effects such as disinfection, wound healing or local circulatory enhancement, the technique of introducing ozone into the circulation poses more complex theoretical issues. In the technique of major autohemotherapy, 50 to 100 ml of blood is drawn from the patient, mixed with a dose of ozone-oxygen of a predetermined concentration, then returned via the same intravenous catheter (butterfly). Returned to the patient, the ozonated blood is rapidly distributed to all tissues.
In the treatment aliquot of blood, it is gauged that the dose of ozone given not only will exert therapeutic actions locally (virucidal activity, oxygenation, increased red cell fluidity), but will determine beneficial systemic actions.[18]
The duration of time that ozone remains in solution and its effects on endocrine, neurological, and immunological systems are not known. Clinically, some patients, upon receiving their own ozonated blood, report a faint background taste of ozone, which may be an indication of its survivability in solution for at least a few seconds.
Major autohemotherapy has been applied to the treatment of several conditions, including acute and chronic viral infections (hepatitis), some carcinomas, circulatory disturbances (diabetes, arteriosclerosis), and hyperlipidemia.[8 ,19-21] Added to a standard pharmacotherapeutic regimen for postmenopausal osteoporosis, this technique enhanced remineralization of bone.[22] Clinical reports however, need to be substantiated by properly designed studies. Of interest are the reports of some patients, who after receivng this treatment experience feelings of well-being lasting for a few minutes to several hours. Whether this represents a placebo effect, a metabolic alteration or possibly a neuro-psychiatric mechanism remains to be determined.
Miscellaneous Applications
Although the above techniques of ozone administration represent the majority of hospital or office-based procedures, others deserve mention.
Minor Autohemotherapy
In this technique, 10 ml of venous blood is drawn from the patient, mixed with ozone-oxygen, then injected intramuscularly. Listed indications include asthma, acne, some allergic conditions and some carcinomas.[18, 23, 24]
Direct Intra-arterial or Intravenous Administration
Mostly of historical interest, this method was first used by Iacoste in 1951[25] for circulatory compromise and its possible sequelae (gangrene). Up to 10 ml of pure ozone-oxygen may be slowly injected directly into the artery (usually femoral), or into a vein, without incurring embolization since both gases are readily soluble in blood.[20] Indications include intermittent claudication, leg ulcers and cerebral vascular insufficiency. Due to accidents produced by too rapid introduction of the gas mixture into the circulation, this technique is now rarely used.
Intramuscular Injection
Up to 10 ml of pure ozone-oxygen mixture is injected into the gluteus maximus muscle or the deltoid. This treatment along with major autohemotherapy is invoked as an adjunct to cancer therapy.[15, 18, 26, 27]
Ozonated Water
Ozone is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than oxygen. Mixed into aqua bidestillata (pyrogen free) water, the half life of ozone is nine to ten hours (at pH 7 and 20C); and at 0C, it is doubled. Ozonated water finds applications in dental surgery where it is reported to promote hemostasis, enhance local oxygen supply and inhibit bacterial proliferation. Applied following tooth extraction or during dental surgery,[28] it may also be rinsed in conditions such as thrush and periodontal disease, swallowed in cases of gastritis or gastric carcinoma, or irrigated in chronic intestinal or bladder inflammation.
Ozone Ointments
Ozonated olive oil provides long term, low dose exposure of ozone and lipid peroxides to tissues. Decubitus ulcers and mycoses are indications for its use.[29, 30]
Balneotherapy
Ozonated water bubbled in warm baths, provides stimulation of local circulation and disinfectant action to varicosities, peripheral circulatory disorders and dermatological conditions (eczema, ulcers).[5]
Blood Purification
The possibility of using ozone to sterilize blood supplies has been investigated by several authors.[7, 31] The treatment of 500 ml of whole blood with 100ml of O3/O2 mixture (40 to 50 ug/ml) is reported to render it virus-free without injuring any cellular elements. One study [31] examined 10,000 samples and found no cases of hepatitis transmission. This technique may extend its efficacy to the HIV virus as one preliminary unpublished study indicates although once ensconced in the genetic cellular material, it is unclear how any agent could inactivate it without compromising cellular integrity.
Metabolic and Physiological Effects of Ozone
Most research on ozone's biological effects have concentrated on pulmonary responses with emphasis on its toxicity. Interest has been keen on ozone's role in ground level atmospheric pollution. Produced as a result of interactions between industrial gases, oxygen and ultraviolet rays, there is evidence of synergistic action on pulmonary compromise. The effects of pure ozone, however, need to be differentiated from those of smog.
The majority of studies have been performed on animals who show great interspecies variability in their response to inhaled ozone. Extrapolation to humans is difficult due to differences in pulmonary anatomy and physiology. Mice[32] seem to be the most sensitive (LD50, 22 ppm for 3 hrs) and birds[33] the least (turkeys survived 417 ppm ozone for 3 hrs). While overdose is marked by pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, long term, low level exposure produces poorly understood, sometimes contradictory findings.
Reported effects[34] include enhanced enzyme activity, as evidenced by increase in glucose utilization, lactate and CO2 formation and elevated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; an increase in the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 content in rat lung pointing to enhancement of metabolizing enzymes; increased lung fibroblast glucose uptake, and production of lactate and pyruvate.
Humans exposed to ambient ozone (0.24 ppm in room air for two hours) typically develop mild accelerated breathing in the context of symptoms such as tracheal or laryngeal irritation and chest tightness on inspiration. Large intersubject response differences are notable.[35] Athletes[36] performing moderate intermittent exercise show a 7% drop in Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and a 15% reduction in Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV). The threshold for significant changes in respiratory compromise ranges from 0.15 ppm[37] to 0.25 ppm,[38] increasing ozone concentrations yield corresponding airway hyper-responsiveness through bronchoconstriction. Histological findings extrapolated from primate research points to ciliated cell inhibition and type 2 cell proliferation, increased membrane permeability and variable inflammatory response.[12] Reported biochemical alterations[39] include increased oxygen consumption and glucose utilization; activation of NADPH, superoxide dismutase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase and glutathione peroxidase. Pulmonary effects from ozone in low doses appear to include metabolic activation of lung cells while higher doses produce evidence of cellular metabolic compromise.
In the methodology of ozone treatment, care is given to avoid the escape of ozone into the treatment area and modern machines are equipped to catalytically convert excess ozone to oxygen during administration. Interestingly some studies point to possible beneficial effects of low dose ambient ozone.[40, 41] The phenomenon of ozone tolerance or adaptation the response to ozone exposure decreasing with time and finally evolving to a plateau occurs in both humans and animals.[38] Its significance remains obscure.
For the reason that below 0.30 ppm the probability of ozone traversing the respiratory epithelium and entering the systemic circulation is so low, very few studies have attempted to measure these effects.[39] In the technique of major autohemotherapy and others that involve the direct introduction of ozone into the circulation, however, this question is of special relevance. Studies of human blood in young adult males exposed to 0.50 ppm ozone for 2-3/4 hours[42] show significant changes in erythrocytes (RBC) as well as in the serum. RBC membrane fragility, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activities were increased, while RBC acetyl cholinesterase and reduced glutathione reductase were not significantly changed. Serum vitamin E and lipid peroxidation levels were significantly increased. These findings indicate that ozone exposure increases metabolic activation parameters in red blood cells.
According to other researchers,[20, 24, 43] the direct intravascular injection of pure oxygen-ozone mixtures results in the following responses: (1) an activation of enzymes involved in peroxide or erythrocytes, an outgrowth of which is (2) stimulation of the [2, 3] Bisphosphoglycerate cycle, shifting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right thus releasing oxygen to the tissues. Further physiological effects include (3) an enhanced oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate with the formation of Acetyl-CoA, and consequent citric acid cycle activation, (4) a direct influence on the mitochondrial transport system with reduction of NADH and oxidation of cytochromes, and (5) an increase in RBC pliability, blood fluidity, and arterial PO2.
Mechanisms of Bactericidal, Virucidal and Fungicidal Action
Although the inhibitory and lethal effects of ozone on pathogenic organisms have been observed since the latter part of the 19th century, the mechanisms for these actions have not yet been satisfactorily elucidated. Ozone is a strong germicide needing only a few micrograms per liter for measurable action. At a concentration of 1 g/m3 H2O at 1C, ozone rapidly inactivates coliform bacteria, staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophilia.[44]
The inactivation rate of enteroviruses[45] is more rapid than for E. coli, takes place in relatively small concentrations of ozone, and is influenced by pH, temperature, and the presence of ambient organic compounds.
Viruses differ in their susceptibility to destruction by ozone. The resistance of polio virus type 2 was 40 times that of coxsackie AS,[46, 47] and in an experiment using a continuous flow mixed reactor under controlled laboratory conditions, relative resistance in descending order was found to be: polio virus type 2, echovirus type 1, polio virus type 1, coxsackie virus type B5, echovirus type 5, coxsackie virus type A9. In pure water, at maximal solubility of ozone and room temperature, Echovirus type 29 is inactivated in one minute, polio virus type 1 in two, type 3 in three and type 2 in seven minutes.
The cell envelope of Gram negative microorganisms such as E. coli is a complex multilayer system composed of an inner cytoplasmic membrane made of phospholipids and proteins invaginating into the cytoplasm, a peptidoglycan layer, and an outer membrane of poly polymers such as polysaccharides. Gram positive cells have a less complex, three layer envelope with a thick peptidoglycan middle layer.
The most cited explanation for ozone's bactericidal effects centers on disruption of envelope integrity through peroxidation of phospholipids and lipoproteins. There is evidence for interaction with proteins as well.[48] In one study[49] exploring the effect of ozone on E. coli, evidence was found for ozone's penetration of the cell membrane, reacting with cytoplasmic substances and converting the closed circular plasmid DNA to open circular DNA, which would presumably lessen the efficiency of bacterial proliferation. It is notable that higher organisms have enzymatic mechanisms to restabilize disrupted DNA and RNA, which could provide a partial explanation for why, in clinical treatment with ozone at doses prescribed, ozone appears to be toxic to infecting organisms and not to the patient.[50]
Ozone possesses fungicidal effects, through poorly understood mechanisms. In one study, Candida utilis cell growth inhibition with ozone was greatly dependent on phases of their growth, budding cells exhibiting the most sensitivity to its presence.[51] Interestingly, in another study,[52] low doses of ozone stimulated the growth and development of Monilia fructagen and Phytophtora infestans, while higher doses were inhibitory.
Viruses are parasites at the genetic level, separated into families based on their structure, type of nucleic genome and mode of replication. Many virions contain a phospholipid envelope with glycoprotein spikes, encasing the nucleocapsid which contains nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), and structural proteins (including enzymes).
Lipid-containing viruses are sensitive to treatment with ether, assorted organic solvents, and ozone, indicating that disruption or loss of lipids results in impaired or destroyed infectivity. Viruses containing lipid envelopes include the Herpes viridae a large family grouping the Simplex, Varicella-Zoster, Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr viruses; the Paramyxoviridae (mumps, measles); the Orthonyxoviridae (influenza); the Rhabdoviridae (rabies); and the Retroviridae (HIV). The HIV virus has an outer envelope made of a double layer of lipids penetrated by proteins of several types encasing two molecules of RNA.[53]
Many of the above viruses have complex, sometimes baffling life cycles and replicative strategies with progressions from host cell attachment of the virus particle, to penetration, uncoating of the viral envelope, synthesis of molecular components, and release of new generations of virions to the surrounding medium, most often through cell lysis. Many chronic viruses have eclipse phases alternating with phases of viremia, when waves of viral particles flood the bloodstream.
In view of the above considerations, what part can ozone play as an antiviral agent? In one study,[46] polio virus 1 was exposed to 0.21 mg/liter of ozone at pH 7.2. After 30 seconds 99% of the viruses were inactivated (lost their ability to replicate within host cells), but appeared to maintain their structural integrity. Analysis of viral components showed damage to polypeptide chains and envelope proteins, which could result in attachment capability compromise, and breakage of the single-stranded RNA into two parts, producing replicating dysfunction at its root level. Other researchers[54] in similar experiments concluded that in ozonation, it is the viral capsid which sustains damage. It is to be noted however, that the polioviridae (Picornavirus family) contain four structural proteins encapsulating a single RNA strand and are devoid of lipids.
In those clinical applications which make use of external (or body cavity) application of ozone, it can be appreciated that in view of the fact that a direct ozone-organism contact exists, inactivation of micro-organisms, bacteria, viruses or fungi, proceeds by any one of a variety of different mechanisms. The treatment of burns, superficial mycotic infection, decubitus ulcers and abscesses is applied by this method. Theoretical issues present themselves, however, when examining treatment strategies aimed at systemic infections, notably viral afflictions which make use of introducing ozone-oxygen mixtures into the bloodstream (usually major AHT). The ozone-treated aliquot of blood which is reported to be rendered viral-free through direct contact with ozone and ozone peroxides,[5] is reintroduced into the circulation. Since very little free ozone remains in solution due to its high reactivity, it is its products mainly lipid compounds, possibly others which are thought to interact with circulating as well as tissue-bound virions, thus inactivating them.
Within the dose ranges prescribed (up to 10 mg (O3/100 ml of blood), we may be curious to measure this overflow antiviral capacity. Although unproven to be outright curative for any viral illness, ozone blood treatment, as reported in several studies[21, 31, 55] may lessen clinical severity or duration. Thus therapeutic benefits have been noted in hepatitis, acute and chronic, and herpes.[55] In chronic viral infections Cytomegalic, Epstein-Barr and Retroviridae (AIDS) among others blood ozonation performed in viremic cycles or in periods of clinical exacerbation may, through direct action, through the production of cofactors inhibitory to viral replication, or through modification of immune function, be used in inducing viral quiescence. Ozone is reported to be an immuno-stimulant in low doses and immuno-inhibitory at higher levels.[15, 26, 27]
It is not inconceivable, in view of the possibilities given to ozone's antiviral properties that new generations of machines may be developed to test the therapeutic potential of the extra-corporeal treatment of circulating blood.
Ozone Treatment in Cancer
The logic sustaining the use of oxygen-ozone application to the treatment of carcinomas rests on the strategy of capitalizing on the disturbed metabolism of cancer cells. Since the first bio-chemical hypothesis of cancer was proposed by Warburg[56] in 1925; that all tumors have higher rates of glycolysis under aerobic conditions than do nontumor cells, efforts have been made to find the variations which could best affect treatment strategy. Although his statement has subsequently been amended considerably, there is a massive and evolving body of research centering on biochemical differences between normal and malignant cells.[57]
Some tumors have high rates of glucose use and lactic acid production in the presence of oxygen, a reflection of a number of possible mechanisms, from membrane transport differences to variations in ATP regulation. Cancer cell mitochondrial ribosomes have altered J structure and function which could diminish their oxidative energy producing abilities thus accounting for their limited aerobic potential.[57]
Some authors[5, 26] report a peroxide intolerance in tumor cells. Possessing insufficient catalase and peroxidase, they are incapable of effective peroxide inactivation. Such cells exposed to ozone are said to show a significant decrease in lactate content, indicating that ozone may induce metabolic inhibition in some carcinomas.
In one study,[58] cultured cells of different carcinoma types were compared with non-cancerous human lung fibroblasts on exposure to ozonated air (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 ppm of O3 for 8 days). Alveolar (lung) adenocarcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, uterine carcinosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma showed 40% cell growth inhibition at 0.3 ppm and 60% at 0.5 ppm. The non-cancerous lung cells were unaffected at these levels. In 0.8 ppm exposure, cancer cell growth inhibition was 90%. Interestingly, it was at this level that the control cell group started to manifest anabolic slowdown (50%). The authors postulate that cancer cells are less able to compensate for the oxidative challenge of ozone than normal cells, possibly by way of a less functional glutathione system.
There are many clinical and anecdotal reports,[21, 25, 27, 59] of ozone major or minor autotherapy, at times prescribed on a daily basis for several weeks applied to the treatment of various carcinomatous conditions but with a paucity of controlled data. Several researchers have focused their efforts on using ozone as an adjunct to radiation or chemotherapy.[23]
Summary and Future Directions
Ozone, an allotropic form of oxygen, possesses unique properties which are being defined and applied to biological systems as well as to clinical practice. As a molecule containing a large excess of energy, through incompletely understood mechanisms, it manifests bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal action which may make it a treatment of choice in certain conditions and an adjunct to treatment in others. Although ozone's medicinal effects were discovered in the 19th century and clinically applied during World War I, equipment capable of purity and reliability of delivery of oxygen-ozone mixtures were not available until the late 1950s. Since then, experience has accumulated for the administration of ozone to humans and animals via a variety of routes, in doses that are both nontoxic and relevant to clinical problems, externally in gaseous form (or in solution) and systemically in blood ozonation.
A review of a large body of literature is presented which describes a spectrum of therapeutic indications. Of these, ozone application for superficial infection, burns, dental and intestinal conditions, and possibly circulatory problems seem to be the most promising. As regards blood ozonation, further research is indicated to delineate the nature of its dynamics and the extent of its effectiveness in (1) the identification of the galaxy of compounds formed in this process which, in view of doses administered, by all evidence, have metabolic, immunological, endocrine and possibly neurological effects; (2) the purification of blood or blood components for transfusion purposes; (3) the inhibition of carcinomas with reference to the types which may be the most susceptible and to its use as an adjunct to radiation or chemotherapy; and (4) the inactivation or the repression of viral diseases with special attention to chronic conditions of the Herpes or Retroviridae (HIV) families.
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41. Wolcott J, Zee YC, Osebold J: Exposure to ozone reduces influenza disease severity and alters distribution of influenza viral antigens in murine lungs. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982;443:723-731.
42. Buckley RD, Hackney JD, Clark K, Posin C: Ozone and human blood. Arch Environ Health 1975;30:40-43.
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49. Ishizaki K, Sawadaishi D, Miura K, Shinriki N: Effect of ozone on plasmid DNA of Escheria coli in situ. Water Res 1987;21(7):823-828.
50. Cech T: RNA as an enzyme. Scientific American 1986 Nov;255(5):64-76.
51. Matus V, Nikava A, Prakopava Z, Konyew S: Effect of ozone on the survivability of Candida utilis cells. Vyestsi AkadNauuk Bssr Syer Biyal Navuk 1981;0(3):49-52.
52. Matus V, Lyskova T, Sergienko I, Kustova A, Grigortsevich T, Konev V: Fungi; growth and sporulation after a single treatment of spores with ozone. Mikol Fitopatot 1982;16(5):420-423.
53. Gallo R: The AIDS virus. Scientific American 1987 Jan;256(1):46-74.
54. Riesser V, Perrich J, Silver B, McCammon J: Possible mechanimsm of poliovirus inactivation by ozone, in Forum on Ozone Disinfection. Proceedings of the International Ozone Institute. Syracuse, NY, 1977; pp. 186-192.
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57. De Vita V, Hellman S, Rosenberg S: Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1985.
58. Sweet J, Kao MS, Lee D, Hagar W: Ozone selectively inhibits growth of human cancer cells. Science 1980;209:931-933.
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"Interested in medical research for many years, Dr. Sunnen was President and Director of Research from 1997 to 2001 of Medizone International Inc. (MZEI), a publicly held company engaged in the research and development of ozone based treatment technologies for diseases caused by lipid enveloped viruses, including Hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS and Herpes, which are showing increasing worldwide incidence and prevalence; and in the development of its patented technology for the decontamination of blood, blood derivatives, vaccines, and veterinary serum products. He has recently been granted two patents for the use of ozone technology to treat external pathological conditions such as diabetic ulcers, burns, and poorly healing wounds."
Gérard V. Sunnen M.D.
200 East 33rd St.
New York, NY 10016
212-679-0679 (voice)
Adapted from Ed McCabe's "Oxygen Therapies"
Ozone is not smog. Ozone is good and natural.
By Ed McCabe
Ozone is one of the most beneficial substances on this planet, and the BAD science you hear quoted on the news every night is causing you to subconsciously be afraid of nature, and therefore, a part of life itself. They tell you that somehow hydrogen plus nitrogen or sulfur equals ozone. H + N + S = 03? Not on this planet it doesn't!
What is ozone? Simply, oxygen. Three atoms of nature's oxygen. It exists in a very active form for about 30 minutes before breaking down into two atoms of regular oxygen - by giving up one atom of singlet oxygen. Where does ozone come from? Nature. And nature is efficient. The new growth in the forests, the trees, the grass on your front lawn, and the plankton in the ocean are continually creating oxygen. As you read this, this oxygen is rising up into the atmosphere to where the ozone layer is. In the region of the ozone layer, our rising oxygen is bombarded by the sun's photo chemical energy in the form of ultraviolet (UV rays). The UV energy bombardment changes the oxygen from 02 - two atoms of stable oxygen, into 03 - three atoms of unstable active oxygen. We call this pure form of oxygen "ozone." The using up of the UV rays to create ozone is how the ozone layer shields us from their harmful effects. This is all part of the natural process of life on this living biosphere called earth. The chemical formula for this is 3-O2 > UV > 2-03. Being heavier than the oxygen in the atmosphere, this newly created ozone falls back to earth, eventually giving us one atom of oxygen, it changes back to 02, and is immediately replaced by more rising oxygen which is also soon changed into ozone by the sun.
The ozone falls to earth and is all around us purifying our water and air, decomposing bacteria, molds and fungi. It is the fresh smell of laundry dried outdoors in the country. It is the fresh air at a clean seashore, and the sweet smell of the air after a lightning storm. Lightning, also possessing photo chemical and electrical energy, creates ozone as well. At least this is how our world was operating until man started ruining it. Ozone has always been with us in nature, and the fact that ozone gives off that single oxygen atom is a significant factor in life, in medicine, and in toxic waste cleanup technology.
Thousands of physicians in Europe have been using ozone as medical treatment for over 50 years, and the use of Ozone in medicine is stating to finally catch on here in the U.S. How is it used in medicine? This 03 Ozone is not as stable as regular 02 oxygen because it has that extra atom of 01 attached to it. Ozone will readily give up this extra atom of 01 and revert it back to stable oxygen again. This giving off of the 01 is the reason why ozone has been used in medicine. It has been proven extensively that 03 will kill bacteria, viruses, fungi and molds by attaching to them and oxidizing and eliminating them, oxidizing means to burn without giving off light or heat. These bacteria, etcetera, are lower life form organisms, and are mostly anaerobic. That means they can't live around activated oxygen/ozone. Doctors using the proper concentrations and correct medical protocols have achieved substantial positive clinical results with ozone. Far from being a poison, ozone, when used properly, has been shown repeatedly to kill pathogens - yet not harm nominal cells. This is because disease causing pathogens do not have any strong enzyme coatings to protect them - as do all the higher life forms like us for example, pure ozone is available to purify all our county's stored blood supplies. There is no reason why people have had to come home from the hospital with AIDS or hepatitis from blood transfusions. European doctors and respected NY University researchers all state that ozone has been used to eliminate AIDS in humans, animals and blood tests. Without any side effects.
Why don't we see this on TV? Why isn't it being used? Breathing ozonated air or drinking ozonated water (at the safe legal concentrations that are already conservatively laid out by the government) are two of the ways of getting activated oxygen into your body. Did you ever drink clean water just downstream from a waterfall and feel invigorated? That was because the water had tumbled over the rocks, thinned out, and absorbed oxygen/ozone from the air. Other methods being explored medically in the US are rectal ozone insulation, ozone autohemotherapy and intravenous ozone infusions. All these methods require the use of pure medical grade ozone. Being blatantly non toxic, these methods of killing viruses and bacteria in humans have been in use in European medicine for over 50 years. Most European and several major US cities have been purifying water, sewage and toxic dump sites with ozone, some for over 70 years. Ozone based systems can even break down PCB's and all other industrial chemical wastes both organic and inorganic. This is possible because ozone based systems are able to create enough of these singlet oxygen atoms to oxidize anything unnatural found in our air, water, sewage, and sediment. Ozone can do this yet is so safe that it is used on humans and animals as the water purifier at Marine World and in the Olympic swimming pools.
Why do they call Ozone "smog?" Bad science and bad reporting. A political misrepresentation. It's also dangerous to promote this concept. A Los Angeles nurse I met told me she actually treated a patient who got sick from going around breathing bus fumes deeply: The poor man had heard that ozone kills the AIDS virus and because of TV had thought ozone was the same as smog! By calling nature's oxygen "poison," and diverting your attention away from the real polluters, no one has to clean up the environment. Did you know that your automobile emits its own weight in pollutants into the air every year? Television tries to position itself as "concerned" and wastes your time arguing over what type of shopping bag you should lobby for at the local supermarket. Meanwhile, the factory next door continues its deadly course of spewing tons of poisonous pollutants into your breathing air and drinking water. While you are constantly made to feel guilty about every day living, they won't give any significant air time to cover the far more dangerous industrial polluters that are too cheap to put scrubbers on their smokestacks. Why? Because the corporations might be "offended."
Go into a city, look up, and taste the dirty air you're breathing. Try and tell me that the brown / gray / yellow colour is ozone. I doubt that I'll believe you. All of this can be cleaned up with colorless, clear ozone Ozone based systems are able to purify 99% of every liquid, or gas or toxic substance coming out of any industrial operation. The engineers even tell me we can include radiation in the list since the radiation is carried by something. Why aren't the ozone systems being used?
Nature constantly works through the balancing out of different electrical, magnetic, and chemical charges. When man dumps pollutants into the air, nature tries to clean it up by in effect, "sending" ozone into the affected areas to oxidize and clean up the pollution. What got us into this mess was the old idea that the earth and water and air magically combined into one giant "sponge," where we could just "toss it out" and it would all disappear. Well our sponge is full now, and although nature still tries, the ocean polluters and rainforest clear cutters have significantly choked off nature's means of cleanup - the ozone. That is why Ozone is always found as a very tiny component of air pollution. Here we find out why the newscasters and scientists try to blame your respiratory problems on your friend ozone and call her names like "smog." You can almost hear them thinking..."Well boss, here's 5 000 pounds of toxic hydrocarbons and nitric compounds coming from our factory, and those pesky environmentalists are starting to notice it and make noise...Let's see...There's less than .12 parts per million (or only 12 millionths of a pound) of ozone in the area...I've got it J.R.! We'll blame the teensy weensey little air ozone molecule - so the sheep won notice our toxic soup, the real cause of their dead trees and lung, eye and throat irritation!" " Smithers , that's brilliant! Let's do lunch at the club. By the way, how's your daughters rash?" By blaming nature, the huge polluters are never forced to take responsibility for the current dirty engine designs and factories, and never have to incorporate any of the already invented clean energy sources. What they call "ozone smog" is a toxic soup of compounds. Why they don't tell you is that Nature's ozone is trying to clean it up, and is a very tiny portion of the smog they report. THE MORE CHEMICALS DUMPED IN THE AIR, THE HARDER NATURE TRIES TO CLEAN IT UP, THEREFORE THE REPORTED OZONE LEVELS WILL BE HIGHER. They also don't admit that ozone is strictly, always, only 02+01 pure oxygen, and never anything else.
The ray of hope here is that the media professionals and federal, state, and corporate decision makers and their families are themselves coming down with all manner of new mutant diseases. Their vacation hideaways are spoiled. It is no longer an "us" versus "them" class struggle. We are all in this earth boat. This is quickly forcing change in business as usual. As to their claims that ozone is a poison, I can refer detractors to internally clean people who work in very high concentrations of pure ozone all day long without ill effect. In fact, they commonly report a healthy invigoration. Where these scare stories come from is the following typical scenario. When a typical smoker, or junk food or drug addict - a person whose body cells are loaded with toxins finally gets near enough to an activated oxygen (ozone) source, his or her body starts to oxidize the toxins within it, in an effort to finally remove them. The pathways out of the body become filled with cellular debris, swollen, irritated, and fluid filled. Often this is uncomfortable, but only for a few days, while, and until, the oxidized toxins leave the body. The health professionals skilled in medical ozone usage call this a typical cleansing reaction. Most air ozone "studies" are halted at the point of detoxification discomfort, and not after the full cleansing has occurred. Therefore "damage" is erroneously reported in the Scientific literature. In contrast, any properly conducted experiments are allowed to continue past this point - and report how the body replaces the weak, old, diseased, dying, feeble cells with new and very healthy oxidative stress resistant ones. At times, an isolated and questionable report will surface in the scientific literature, telling of animals exposed to ozone who developed lung scarring. These studies were usually done at super high concentrations way beyond the typical medical protocols, and relate to impure ozone made from high amperage electricity and air, which is 80% Nitrogen, not pure Oxygen. Nitrogen plus heat plus moisture plus ozone equals nitric acid. Acid will definitely cause lung scarring. Again, this is not nature's pure natural ozone. I've actually cornered a few scientists and reporters and asked if they knew that they were not being scientifically accurate when in the press they equate ozone with the toxic soup of smog. The admitted (in private) that they knew they weren't, but keep up the charade "because everyone else does!"
What about the holes in the ozone layer? Consider the gluttonous "clear cutting" of the oxygen producing rain forests and the disappearance of our own oxygen producing national forests. Where is our oxygen going to come from? Then add the constant selfish polluting of the oceans and the greedy discharge of industrial pollutants, nuclear radiation and electrical energy into the atmosphere. These electrical, electronic, and radioactive discharges further scramble the elements in nature's air. At home, chlorine gas comes out of your water faucet and rises up into the sky. More and more, our oxygen is either missing or bound up in toxins. What we're experiencing is an increasing shortage of atmospheric oxygen that's available to be turned into ozone in the first place! That's why there is an ozone hole at both poles, and the rest of the ozone layer is starting to look like Swiss cheese. Greed, not ozone is the problem. The ozone layer is constantly changing, almost a living boundary, paper thin, and missing at night. When the oxygen is all bound up with toxins, then there will be no ozone layer. Without available oxygen, the sun's ultraviolet light passes right on through without being absorbed in creating ozone, and we are seeing increased cataracts, skin cancer, blindness, and burning of vegetation. So our bodies and our food supply - therefore our very existence - is in danger, unless you personally do something about turning back the rampant greed that is destroying us.
What can you do to help preserve and re-supply the missing oxygen in your life? Stop those unevolved people who think "We're all going to die anyway so I'm gonna get all I can now" from cutting down all the trees. Convince the factory managers to install existing devices like ozone based smokestack scrubbers, factory discharge point ozone based purifiers, and to fund existing ignored clean energy sources. Plant lots of trees. Don't sell aerosols. Stop polluting the clean. Industrially, ozone air purifies have been in use for decades. There have been no problems associated with their use, as long as they are used in average sized rooms, at the levels just below where someone feels discomfort. Enlightened hospital operating rooms commonly use ozone air purifiers to keep everything sterile The doctors and nurses aren't falling over dead with scarred lungs are they?
Ozone air sterilizer/purifiers/deodorizers are commonly used: by hotel chains to remove odors; by used car dealers to give old cars that " new car smell"; by morgues to get ride of formaldehyde odors; by schools when they refinish a floor, so they don't have to close the school because of the dangerous refinishing chemical odors; in bars, comedy clubs, and restaurants - so the majority non-smokers can patronize them again and go home without stinking like an ashtray; in fitness/exercise clubs and gymnasiums where patrons don't smell body odor, they only smell fresh air and report increased endurance and strength; by grain storage building owners who report an end to mold and rot. Owners of animal excretion soiled stable, barns, veterinary kennels, and professional dog and horse racing paddocks love them. If the animals could talk, they would probably echo this sentiment, and describe the air as fresh as a day in the country. Entrepreneurs even buy - at a discount - sick cattle who are worn out from antibiotics and drugs, ozonate their air and water, and then sell them as healthy, disease free animals a year later at a profit. Plus, the consumer eats chemical free meat. Do you have any smoke damaged goods? Fire damaged furniture? Stick it in a room with an ozone air purifier running full tilt, and in a few days the useless items are restored. The applications are endless, wherever stale, polluted and toxic odors are encountered. Factory and closed-up-tight office workers could ask management to install ozone air purifiers. Management would benefit at the bottom line, because happy oxygenated workers are more efficient workers, cheerier to customers, and don't need as many sick days. In the fifties, ozone air lamps were placed in schools, and absenteeism dropped. Commercial clothes dryers came with UV ozone lamps in them. The federal government required their use in all government restrooms. If your home or work air stinks, think of ozone solutions. If some sat only inches from an ozone generator and breathed deeply for a long time, they might have cell lysis (destruction) problems. But no one is advocating that, and product warning labels could handle the liabilities. No one deeply inhales oven cleaners, paint thinners or other common toxic household chemicals, and they are available everywhere without restriction Why should ozone be any different?
Jumping on the media hype- created bandwagon, some government agencies what to regulate the amount of ozone emitted from an ozone generator. That's not the point, and way off the mark. The output can't be regulated, because we never know the size room it will be used in, of the toxic cellular level of its occupants.
ED McCABE'S CONSUMER SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR OZONE GENERATORS.
1. Is it a "cold process" ozone generator - the kind that doesn't create lots of nitric acid out of air nitrogen and moisture?
2. What is the ozone output concentration compared to the size of the room it is used in?
3. Does the generator have instructive labeling saying: "Operate only at a level where no discomfort is experienced.
4. Is the generator a quality design, using safe components?
"Ozone is bad" is a great, quick, one liner for the media to hype, but it is far from reality. This instant journalism created a hysteria is so bad that the "Earth Day" environmental organizations even emblem their signs with well meaning but uninformed slogans. In a twisted way, people subconsciously are made to fear the very act of breathing, so that every breath taken on a hot summer day in the city is tainted with a fear of life itself. At the home level, many thousands of people are now exploring the many medical oxygen therapies and pollution control devices I wrote about in my book "Oxygen Therapies." One of the simplest methods of using ozone at home is by installing a home ozone air or water purifier. Home purification units aren't manufactured for medical or industrial purposes. They generally use air as the incoming gas, and not pure pharmaceutical quality "green bottle" oxygen - as is required in the medical ozone generators. However, they do a fine job for what they were designed for, general air and water purification. There are several brands on the market, and I use them at home with pleasant results. Many readers of my "Oxygen Therapies" book have even called and written to me of their own personal experiences. After installing air ozonators , they claimed "their house mold went away," "the odors stopped," their "emphysema became less," or their "lupus got better," and one fellow actually told me "the tartar fell off his teeth!" Sounds fantastic, but hearing these stories first hand has been my experience. Of course no one is making illegal medical claims for these devices, but the anecdotal evidence in this area continues to amaze us as it piles up steadily. Since anaerobic (most) disease organisms simply cannot exist in oxygen, then oxygen is the first line of defense in your immune system. It's also necessary for the removal of every single bit of toxic waste in your body. Every waste product that comes out of you is oxygen combined with hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, or carbon. If the toxins in you don't have any available oxygen to combine with, they pile up inside you and they can't leave.
Dr. William F. Koch, MD., was a brilliant free radical chemist and former professor of chemistry at Wayne State University . He wrote that ALL disease originates from toxins in the body. Now think about the fact that we were genetically designed during a time when the atmosphere was 38 to 50 percent richer in oxygen than you now live in - especially if you live in a city. We are living way below our optimum efficiency. If your car has dirt in it's oil, has half its air supply cut off, and has never had an air or gas or oil filter changed, it will die after sputtering along for a while. Our bodies are vehicles for Soul. Your liver and kidney and lymph system are the vehicle filters. You die too soon, and full of dirt as well. The Bible dates some in the old Testament as being over 900 years old. How did dinosaurs get to be 5 stories tall? You can guess why so many are sick so often in our "modern" society. I am convinced that what we've presently experiencing in our society is the rise of the age of toxins, diseases, and plagues all corresponding to the fall of our planetary and body oxygen levels. Fueled by greed and self imposed ignorance, the phenomenon is sad indeed, and unless abated, will drastically change or even eliminate life on this orb. Some, including doctors, have added up the numbers, and concluded that half of the world's population will possibly be dead from AIDS, alone, in the next 10 to 20 years. I have seen slides brought back from Africa by Dr. William Douglas, the book author. Slides of whole villages that are now empty, and roads lined with burial mounds where the victims fell. Not a fantasy, it's real, it's right now, it's your problem. Pay attention to the warnings.
Take heart my friend, if you're reading this, it's not over yet. We can change above dire predictions, if YOU get involved at some level. Plenty of evidence exists proving that an increase of planetary and cellular oxygen levels will solve most of our life threatening industrial and medical problems. Ozone is our friend. We should get to know it better.
"Oxygen Therapies" by Ed McCabe, is published by Energy Publications and is distributed by over 30 distributors to health food stores, select clinics, and booksellers worldwide. Further info, publications, tapes, subscriptions, and past issues are available from:
"The Family News" 9845 N.E. Second Ave. Miami Shores , FL 33138. United States of America
Telephone: 305/759-8710
Copyrighted 1992, 1993, & 1994 By Ed McCabe. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
At the urging of many in our oxygen family, The Not For Profit "Foundation For The Advancement of Oxygen Therapies" has finally been formed. Our stated purpose: We are bringing our case to the public by educating them that oxygen supplements, therapies and related activities are historically inexpensive, safe, and proven effective when used as directed by competently trained healthcare professionals. We are using education, the media, and soon, with your help, aggressive research as proof to silence whomever postures against oxygen, your very right to life itself. While America dies of AIDS, Tuberculosis and a host of other diseases, and the FDA stands before Congress and declares as truth that "there is no evidence that ozone has any medical benefit," and Congressmen say we should "imprison anyone who promotes or uses ozone for 25 years as a felon," and doctors curing diseases are railroaded into prison, and homes are broken into by government agents seizing ozone machines, things have gone way too far. They are referring to us. You and me and our friends. Won't you please become a contributing member by joining the foundation today? Donations will be in a segregated account and only used for our stated agenda.
Please send your donation, no matter how small or large - all will be appreciated - to us at the following addresses.
If you need a tax receipt, in care of IBOM, an IRS approved 501-3C charity Payee: I.B.O.M. (The International Bioxidative Medicine Foundation.) Indicate the donation is for the seggregated account of: "The Foundation For The Advancement Of Oxygen Therapies"
Mail to: IBOM, P.O. Box 13205 , Oklahoma City , OK 73113 2.
If no charitable deduction tax receipt is needed, just send directly to:
The Foundation For The Advancement of Oxygen Therapies,
Ed McCabe, Executive Director Non-Domestic
c/o P.O. Box 654, Cazenovia , New York, 13035
Thanks, and Happy Oxygen!
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